Prepared by:-
ENGINEERS TEAM
VIYORS ENERGY LTD.
www.viyors.com
Email- info@viyors.com
INDEX
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. What is NPGT ?
3.1. NPGT (Solar System + Wind System)
3.1.1. Solar Energy System
3.1.2. Wind-Energy System
4. Application’s
5. Technical Parameter
5.1 Wind Mill
5.2.1. Solar Monocrystalline Panels
5.2.2. Solar Photo crystalline Panels
6. Production Capacity
7. Advantages & Disadvantages of NPGT
8. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
9. Future Aspects
10. Conclusion
1. ABSTRACT
Hybrid power system can be used to reduce energy storage requirements. The influence of the Deficiency of Power Supply Probability (DPSP), Relative Excess Power Generated (REPG), Energy to Load Ratio (ELR), fraction of PV and wind energy, and coverage of PV and wind energy against the system size and performance were analyzed. The technical feasibility of PV-wind hybrid system in given range of load demand was evaluated. The methodology of Life Cycle Cost (LCC) for economic evaluation of stand-alone photovoltaic system, stand-alone wind system and PV-wind hybrid system have been developed and simulated using the model. The comparative cost analysis of grid line extension energy source with PV-wind hybrid system was studied in detail. The optimum combination of solar PV-wind hybrid system lies between 0.70 and 0.75 of solar energy to load ratio and the corresponding LCC is minimum.
The PV-wind hybrid system returns the lowest unit cost values to maintain the same level of DPSP as compared to standalone solar and wind systems. For all load demands the levelized energy cost for PV-wind hybrid system is always lower than that of standalone solar PV or wind system. The PV-wind hybrid option is techno-economically viable for rural electrification.
2. INTRODUCTION
Energy is vital for the progress of a nation and it has to be conserved in a most efficient manner. Not only the technologies should be developed to produce energy in a most environment-friendly manner from all varieties of fuels but also enough importance should be given to conserve the energy resources in the most efficient way. Energy is the ultimate factor responsible for both industrial and agricultural development. The use of renewable energy technology to meet the energy demands has been steadily increasing for the past few years, however, the important drawbacks associated with renewable energy systems are their inability to guarantee reliability and their lean nature. Import of petroleum products constitutes a major drain on our foreign exchange reserve. Renewable energy sources are considered to be the better option to meet these challenges.
More than 200 million people, live in rural areas without access to grid-connected power. In India, over 80,000 villages remain to be un-electrified and particularly in the state of Tamil Nadu, about 400 villages (with 63% tribes) are difficult to supply electricity due to inherent problems of location and economy. The costs to install and service the distribution lines are considerably high for remote areas. Also there will be a substantial increase in transmission line losses in addition to poor power supply reliability. Like several other developing countries, India is characterized by severe energy deficit. In most of the remote and non-electrified sites, extension of utility grid lines experiences a number of problems such as high capital investment, high lead time, low load factor, poor voltage regulation and frequent power supply interruptions. There is a growing interest in harnessing renewable energy sources since they are naturally available, pollution free and inexhaustible. It is this segment that needs special attention and hence concentrated efforts are continually provided in implementing standalone PV, wind, bio-diesel generator and integrated systems at sites that have a large potential of either solar, wind or both. Traditionally, electrical energy for remote villages has been derived from diesel generators characterized by high reliability, high running costs, moderate efficiency and high maintenance. Hence, a convenient, cost-effective and reliable power supply is an essential factor in the development of any rural area. It is a critical factor in the development of the agro industry and commercial operations, which are projected to be the core of that area’s economy.
At present, standalone solar photovoltaic and wind systems have been promoted around the globe on a comparatively larger scale. These independent systems cannot provide continuous source of energy, as they are seasonal. For example, standalone solar photovoltaic energy system cannot provide reliable power during non-sunny days. The standalone wind system cannot satisfy constant load demands due to significant fluctuations in the magnitude of wind speeds from hour to hour throughout the year. Therefore, energy storage systems will be required for each of these systems in order to satisfy the power demands. Usually storage system is expensive and the size has to be reduced to a minimum possible for the renewable energy system to be cost effective. Hybrid power systems can be used to reduce energy storage requirements.
3. What is NPGT
Hybrid is means the mixture of two or many things. So, Hybrid Power Generator Technology (NPGT) is the combination of two energy sources such as “Solar and Wind”. It’s a unique nano technology system which can be installed in a small space also in a terrace with no noise pollution and vibration up 5KW.
3.1 NPGT (Solar System + Wind System)
As we discussed HPGS is the combination of Solar and Wind. So, there is separate equipment use for Solar and Wind in this system. After the combination of both the sources we connected by them as a one system. Let us know how many types of equipment used in this HPGS system separately.
3.1.1 Solar Energy System
Solar energy is the radiant light and heat from the Sun that has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar radiation along with secondary solar resources such as wind and wave power, hydroelectricity and biomass account for most of the available renewable energy on Earth. Only a minuscule fraction of the available solar energy is used.
Solar power provides electrical generation by means of heat engines or photovoltaic’s. Once converted, its uses are limited only by human ingenuity. A partial list of solar applications includes space heating and cooling through solar architecture, potable water via distillation and disinfection, day lighting, hot water, thermal energy for cooking, and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes.
Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors (with electrical or mechanical equipment) to convert sunlight into useful outputs. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air
Sunlight can be converted into electricity using photovoltaic’s (PV), concentrating solar power (CSP), and various experimental technologies. PV has mainly been used to power small and medium-sized applications, from the calculator powered by a single solar cell to off-grid homes powered by a photovoltaic array. For large-scale generation, CSP plants like SEGS have been the norm but recently multi-megawatt PV plants are becoming common. Completed in 2007, the 14 MW power station in Clark County, Nevada, United States and the 20 MW site in Beneixama, Spain are characteristic of the trend toward larger photovoltaic power stations in the United States and Europe.[67] As an intermittent power source, solar power requires a backup supply, which can partially be complemented with wind power. Local backup usually is done with batteries, while utilities normally use pumped-hydro storage. The Institute for Solar Energy Supply Technology of the University of Kassel in Germany pilot-tested a combined power plant linking solar, wind, biogas and hydro storage to provide load-following power around the clock, entirely from renewable sources.
Energy from the Sun
About half the incoming solar energy reaches the Earth's surface.
The Earth receives 174 pet watts (PW) of incoming solar radiation (Isolation) at the upper atmosphere.[1] Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's surface is mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet.[2]
Earth's land surface, oceans and atmosphere absorb solar radiation, and this raises their temperature. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earth's surface, completing the water cycle. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones.[3] Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °C. By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemical energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived.
Yearly Solar fluxes & Human Energy Consumption
Solar 3,850,000 EJ
Wind 2,250 EJ
Biomass 3,000 EJ
Primary energy use (2005) 487 EJ
Electricity (2005) 56.7 EJ
The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined.
From the table of resources it would appear that solar, wind or biomass would be sufficient to supply all of our energy needs, however, the increased use of biomass has had a negative effect on global warming and dramatically increased food prices by diverting forests and crops into biofuel production.[16] As intermittent resources, solar and wind raise other issues.
Photovoltaic’s
11 MW Serpa solar power plant in Portugal
A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device that converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect.[19] This is based on the discovery by Edmund Becquerel who noticed that some materials release electrons when hit with rays of protons from light, which produces an electrical current.[20] The first solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s.[21] Although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% of incident light into electricity, both Ernst Werner von Siemens and James Clerk Maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery.[22] Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the silicon solar cell in 1954.[23] These early solar cells cost 286 USD/watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5–6%.
Solar power has great potential, but in 2008 supplied less than 0.02% of the world's total energy supply. There are many competing technologies, including fourteen types of photovoltaic cells, such as thin film, mono crystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and amorphous cells, as well as multiple types of concentrating solar power. It is too early to know which technology will become dominant.
The earliest significant application of solar cells was as a back-up power source to the Vanguard I satellite in 1958, which allowed it to continue transmitting for over a year after its chemical battery was exhausted.[26] The successful operation of solar cells on this mission was duplicated in many other Soviet and American satellites, and by the late 1960s, PV had become the established source of power for them.[27] After the successful application of solar panels on the vanguard satellite it still was not until the power crisis, in the 1970s, that photovoltaic solar panels gained use outside of backup power suppliers on spacecraft.[28] Photovoltaic’s went on to play an essential part in the success of early commercial satellites such as Telstar, and they remain vital to the telecommunications infrastructure today.[29]
Building-integrated photovoltaic’s cover the roofs of an increasing number of homes.
The high cost of solar cells limited terrestrial uses throughout the 1960s. This changed in the early 1970s when prices reached levels that made PV generation competitive in remote areas without grid access. Early terrestrial uses included powering telecommunication stations, off-shore oil rigs, navigational buoys and railroad crossings.[30] These off-grid applications accounted for over half of worldwide installed capacity until 2004.[31]
The 1973 oil crisis stimulated a rapid rise in the production of PV during the 1970s and early 1980s.[32] Economies of scale which resulted from increasing production along with improvements in system performance brought the price of PV down from 100 USD/watt in 1971 to 7 USD/watt in 1985.[33] Steadily falling oil prices during the early 1980s led to a reduction in funding for photovoltaic R&D and a discontinuation of the tax credits associated with the Energy Tax Act of 1978. These factors moderated growth to approximately 15% per year from 1984 through 1996.[34]
Since the mid-1990s, leadership in the PV sector has shifted from the US to Japan and Europe. Between 1992 and 1994 Japan increased R&D funding, established net metering guidelines, and introduced a subsidy program to encourage the installation of residential PV systems.[35] As a result, PV installations in the country climbed from 31.2 MW in 1994 to 318 MW in 1999,[36] and worldwide production growth increased to 30% in the late 1990s.[37]
Concentrating photovoltaic’s
Germany became the leading PV market worldwide since revising its Feed-in tariff system as part of the Renewable Energy Sources Act. Installed PV capacity has risen from 100 MW in 2000 to approximately 4,150 MW at the end of 2007.[38][39] After 2007, Spain became the largest PV market after adopting a similar feed-in tariff structure in 2004, installing almost half of the photovoltaic’s (45%) in the world, in 2008, while France, Italy, South Korea and the U.S. have seen rapid growth recently due to various incentive programs and local market conditions.[40] The power output of domestic photovoltaic devices is usually described in kilowatt-peak (kWp) units, as most are from 1 to 10 kW.[41]
Concentrating photovoltaic is another new method of electricity generation from the sun. Concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) systems employ sunlight concentrated onto photovoltaic surfaces for the purpose of electrical power production. Solar concentrators of all varieties may be used, and these are often mounted on a solar tracker in order to keep the focal point upon the cell as the Sun moves across the sky. Tracking is not required for concentrations of less than 2 to 5, but does increase flat panel photovoltaic output by up to 20% in winter, and up to 50% in summer.
Converting Sunlight in to Electricity
Solar Cell
(multicrystalline silicon)
Photovoltaic modules, commonly called solar modules, are the key components used to convert sunlight into electricity. Solar modules are made of semiconductors that are very similar to those used to create integrated circuits for electronic equipment. The most common type of semiconductor currently in use is made of silicon crystal. Silicon crystals are laminated into N-type and P-type layers, stacked on top of each other. Light striking the crystals induces the “photovoltaic effect,” which generates electricity. The electricity produced is called direct current (DC) and can be used immediately or stored in a battery. For systems installed on homes served by a utility grid, a device called an inverter changes the electricity into alternating current (AC), the standard power used in residential homes.
High purity silicon crystals are used to manufacture solar cells. The crystals are processed into solar cells using the melt and cast method. The cube-shaped casting is then cut into ingots, and then sliced into very thin wafers.
Processing wafers
Silicon atoms have four "arms." Under stable conditions, they become perfect insulators. By combining a small number of five-armed atoms (with a surplus electron), a negative charge will occur when sunlight (photons) hits the surplus electron. The electron is then discharged from the arm to move around freely. Silicon with these characteristics conducts electricity. This is called an n-type (negative) semiconductor, and is usually caused by having the silicon 'doped' with a boron film.
In contrast, combining three-armed atoms that lack one electron results in a hole with an electron missing. The semiconductor will then carry a positive charge. This is called a p-type (positive) semiconductor, and is usually obtained when phosphorous is doped into the silicon.
A p-n junction is formed by placing p-type and n-type semiconductors next to one another. The p-type, with one less electron, attracts the surplus electron from the n-type to stabilize itself. Thus the electricity is displaced and generates a flow of electrons, otherwise known as electricity.
When sunlight hits the semiconductor, an electron springs up and is attracted toward the n-type semiconductor. This causes more negatives in the n-type semiconductors and more positives in the p-type, thus generating a higher flow of electricity. This is the photovoltaic effect.
3.1.2 Wind-Energy System
A wind turbine is a rotating machine which converts the kinetic energy of wind into mechanical energy. If the mechanical energy is used directly by machinery, such as a pump or grinding stones, the machine is usually called a windmill. If the mechanical energy is instead converted to electricity, the machine is called a wind generator, wind turbine, wind power unit (WPU), wind energy converter (WEC), or aerogenerator
Types of wind turbines
Wind turbines can rotate about either a horizontal or vertical axis, the former being more common.
Horizontal axis
Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top of a tower, and must be pointed into the wind. Small turbines are pointed by a simple wind vane, while large turbines generally use a wind sensor coupled with a servo motor. Most have a gearbox, which turns the slow rotation of the blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to drive an electrical generator.[10]
Since a tower produces turbulence behind it, the turbine is usually pointed upwind of the tower. Turbine blades are made stiff to prevent the blades from being pushed into the tower by high winds. Additionally, the blades are placed a considerable distance in front of the tower and are sometimes tilted up a small amount.
Downwind machines have been built, despite the problem of turbulence (mast wake), because they don't need an additional mechanism for keeping them in line with the wind, and because in high winds the blades can be allowed to bend which reduces their swept area and thus their wind resistance. Since cyclic (that is repetitive) turbulence may lead to fatigue failures most HAWTs are upwind machines.
HAWT advantages
• Variable blade pitch, which gives the turbine blades the optimum angle of attack. Allowing the angle of attack to be remotely adjusted gives greater control, so the turbine collects the maximum amount of wind energy for the time of day and season.
• The tall tower base allows access to stronger wind in sites with wind shear. In some wind shear sites, every ten meters up, the wind speed can increase by 20% and the power output by 34%.
• High efficiency, since the blades always move perpendicularly to the wind, receiving power through the whole rotation. In contrast, all vertical axis wind turbines, and most proposed airborne wind turbine designs, involve various types of reciprocating actions, requiring airfoil surfaces to backtrack against the wind for part of the cycle. Backtracking against the wind leads to inherently lower efficiency.
• The face of a horizontal axis blade is struck by the wind at a consistent angle regardless of the position in its rotation. This results in a consistent lateral wind loading over the course of a rotation, reducing vibration and audible noise coupled to the tower or mount.
HAWT disadvantages
• The tall towers and blades up to 90 meters long are difficult to transport. Transportation can now cost 20% of equipment costs.
• Tall HAWTs are difficult to install, needing very tall and expensive cranes and skilled operators.
• Massive tower construction is required to support the heavy blades, gearbox, and generator.
• Reflections from tall HAWTs may affect side lobes of radar installations creating signal clutter, although filtering can suppress it.
• Their height makes them obtrusively visible across large areas, disrupting the appearance of the landscape and sometimes creating local opposition.
• Downwind variants suffer from fatigue and structural failure caused by turbulence when a blade passes through the tower's wind shadow (for this reason, the majority of HAWTs use an upwind design, with the rotor facing the wind in front of the tower).
• HAWTs require an additional yaw control mechanism to turn the blades toward the wind.
Cyclic stresses and vibration
Cyclic stresses fatigue the blade, axle and bearing; material failures were a major cause of turbine failure for many years. Because wind velocity often increases at higher altitudes, the backward force and torque on a horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) blade peaks as it turns through the highest point in its circle. The tower hinders the airflow at the lowest point in the circle, which produces a local dip in force and torque. These effects produce a cyclic twist on the main bearings of a HAWT. The combined twist is worst in machines with an even number of blades, where one is straight up when another is straight down. To improve reliability, teetering hubs have been used which allow the main shaft to rock through a few degrees, so that the main bearings do not have to resist the torque peaks.
The rotating blades of a wind turbine act like a gyroscope. As it pivots along its vertical axis to face the wind, gyroscopic precession tries to twist the turbine disc along its horizontal axis. For each blade on a wind generator's turbine, precessive force is at a minimum when the blade is horizontal and at a maximum when the blade is vertical. This cyclic twisting can quickly fatigue and crack the blade roots, hub and axle of the turbines.
Vertical axis
Vertical-axis wind turbines (or VAWTs) have the main rotor shaft arranged vertically. Key advantages of this arrangement are that the turbine does not need to be pointed into the wind to be effective. This is an advantage on sites where the wind direction is highly variable.
With a vertical axis, the generator and gearbox can be placed near the ground, so the tower doesn't need to support it, and it is more accessible for maintenance. Drawbacks are that some designs produce pulsating torque.
It is difficult to mount vertical-axis turbines on towers, meaning they are often installed nearer to the base on which they rest, such as the ground or a building rooftop. The wind speed is slower at a lower altitude, so less wind energy is available for a given size turbine. Air flow near the ground and other objects can create turbulent flow, which can introduce issues of vibration, including noise and bearing wear which may increase the maintenance or shorten the service life. However, when a turbine is mounted on a rooftop, the building generally redirects wind over the roof and this can double the wind speed at the turbine. If the height of the rooftop mounted turbine tower is approximately 50% of the building height, this is near the optimum for maximum wind energy and minimum wind turbulence.
VAWT subtypes
"Eggbeater" turbines, or Darrieus turbines, which were named after the French inventor, Georges Darrieus. [15] They have good efficiency, but produce large torque ripple and cyclic stress on the tower, which contributes to poor reliability. Also, they generally require some external power source, or an additional Savories rotor, to start turning, because the starting torque is very low. The torque ripple is reduced by using three or more blades which results in a higher solidity for the rotor. Solidity is measured by blade area over the rotor area. Newer Darrieus type turbines are not held up by guy-wires but have an external superstructure connected to the top bearing.
Giromill
A subtype of Darrieus turbine with straight, as opposed to curved, blades. The cyclo turbine variety has variable pitch to reduce the torque pulsation and is self-starting.[16] The advantages of variable pitch are: high starting torque; a wide, relatively flat torque curve; a lower blade speed ratio; a higher coefficient of performance; more efficient operation in turbulent winds; and a lower blade speed ratio which lowers blade bending stresses. Straight, V, or curved blades may be used.
Savories wind turbine
These are drag-type devices with two (or more) scoops that are used in anemometers, Flettner vents (commonly seen on bus and van roofs), and in some high-reliability low-efficiency power turbines. They are always self-starting if there are at least three scoops. They sometimes have long helical scoops to give a smooth torque.
VAWT advantages
• A massive tower structure is less frequently used, as VAWTs are more frequently mounted with the lower bearing mounted near the ground.
• Designs without yaw mechanisms are possible with fixed pitch rotor designs.
• The generator of a VAWT can be located nearer the ground, making it easier to maintain the moving parts.
• VAWTs have lower wind startup speeds than HAWTs. Typically, they start creating electricity at 6 m.p.h. (10 km/h).
• VAWTs may be built at locations where taller structures are prohibited.
• VAWTs situated close to the ground can take advantage of locations where mesas, hilltops, ridgelines, and passes funnel the wind and increase wind velocity.
• VAWTs may have a lower noise signature.
VAWT disadvantages
• A VAWT that uses guy-wires to hold it in place puts stress on the bottom bearing as all the weight of the rotor is on the bearing. Guy wires attached to the top bearing increase downward thrust in wind gusts. Solving this problem requires a superstructure to hold a top bearing in place to eliminate the downward thrusts of gust events in guy wired models.
• The stress in each blade due to wind loading changes sign twice during each revolution as the apparent wind direction moves through 360 degrees. This reversal of the stress increases the likelihood of blade failure by fatigue.
• While VAWTs' parts are located on the ground, they are also located under the weight of the structure above it, which can make changing out parts nearly impossible without dismantling the structure if not designed properly.
• Having rotors located close to the ground where wind speeds are lower due to wind shear, VAWTs may not produce as much energy at a given site as a HAWT with the same footprint or height.
Turbine design and construction
Components of a horizontal-axis wind turbine
Wind turbines are designed to exploit the wind energy that exists at a location. Aerodynamic modeling is used to determine the optimum tower height, control systems, number of blades{fact April 2009} and blade shape.
Wind turbines convert wind energy to electricity for distribution. Conventional horizontal axis turbines can be divided into three components.
• The rotor component, which is approximately 20% of the wind turbine cost, includes the blades for converting wind energy to low speed rotational energy.
• The generator component, which is approximately 34% of the wind turbine cost, includes the electrical generator, the control electronics, and most likely a gearbox component for converting the low speed incoming rotation to high speed rotation suitable for generating electricity.
• The structural support component, which is approximately 15% of the wind turbine cost, includes the tower and rotor yaw mechanism.[17]
Yaw Motors:-
The yaw motor is used to turn the nacelle so that the rotor faces into the wind. The yaw motor has a cam wheel which fits into a large yaw bearing cam wheel. The yaw motor is controlled by the controller.
Nacelle
A nacelle is the horizontal section that sits atop the tower of a wind turbine and is the main housing of the controls.The word "nacelle" is a derivation of the Old French word "nacele", which means dinghy or small boat. The Old French word "nacele" is itself a derivation from the Latin word "navicella". The word "nacelles" is the plural of nacelle. The nacelle houses the gearbox which connects to two shafts; the main shaft and the generator shaft. The main shaft uses gears located inside the gearbox to turn the generator shaft. The main shaft runs from the gearbox to the blades. As the wind turns the blades, they turn the main shaft. The generator shaft, which runs from the gearbox to the generator, spins inside the generator to create the electricity. The electricity is created by the rotation of wiring within a magnetic field.
Anemometers
Anemometers measure the wind speed and transmit the wind speed information to the controller.
Brakes
The brake prevents the rotor from rotating in the event that the wind turbine needs to be serviced or repaired.
Cables
The power output from the generator runs through large electrical cables from the generator, down through the tower assembly and into the power grid.
Controllers
The controller is a computer that tells the yaw motor when and how far to turn the nacelle so that the rotor remains facing into the wind. The anemometer transmits wind speed data to the controller and then the controller decides whether or not to allow the rotor to rotate. If the wind speed is too low, the controller will determine that the energy produced by the blade rotation is not sufficient to justify the cost of the electricity needed to yaw the rotor. The controller will then set the brake. If the wind speed is too high, the controller will determine that the risk of damage to the turbine is too high to allow the blades to rotate. This is another situation in which the controller will set the brake. The controller also transmits operational data to the control station or owners home. This allows the wind turbine to be monitored remotely 24 hours a day.
Cooling Systems
When the generator is running, it can get very hot. If it gets too hot, it will break down. The cooling system is used to keep the generator from overheating. Much like the cooling systems in automobiles, the cooling systems in large modern wind turbines contain cooling water and a radiator. The water cools the generator and the radiator cools the cooling water. In smaller wind turbines, the generators are air cooled and do not use water cooling systems.
Flange Boltsge Bolts
Flanges are the rings that attach the tower sections to one another. The flanges are bolted to one another by the use of very strong flange bolts
Gearboxes
The blades do not move fast enough for the generator to function at peak performance, therefore the blade shaft is connected to the gearbox instead of directly to the generator. The gearbox uses a combination of gears to change the high torque, low speed of the main shaft to the low torque, high speed of the generator shaft. A typical gearbox will convert a main shaft rotation of approximately 20 revolutions per minute to a generator shaft rotation of approximately 1500 revolutions per minute
Generators Shafts
The generator shaft runs from the gearbox to the generator. As the gearbox turns the generator shaft, the generator shaft turns the generator. The generator shaft may rotate as high as 1,500 revolutions per minute.
Generators
The generator (dynamo) produces the electricity when it turns. The current then travels down through the tower assembly using large electrical cables.
Ladders
The nacelle is accessed by climbing the ladders that are located inside the tower. The proper way to climb the ladders is to place your body in the narrow space between the ladder and the tower wall with your back facing the tower wall. That arrangement allows you to rest your back against the tower wall in the event that you get tired.
Lamps
There are no windows in wind turbines. Lamps are used to light the interior of the towers and nacelles so that service personnel can see to perform maintenance and repairs.
Main Shafts
The main shaft is a very thick shaft that is connected to the gearbox. The main shaft is turned by the rotor.
Platforms
Platforms are located at various heights within the tower to allow service personnel to rest as needed.
Rotors
Most large wind turbines have a total of three blades. The blades are bolted together to form the rotor or rotor assembly. The rotor assembly attaches to the nacelle by bolting onto the main shaft located inside the nacelle. If there is enough wind power, the wind will hit the blades and turn the rotor assembly and main shaft
Wind Vanes
The wind turns the wind vane. The wind vane then transmits the wind direction data to the controller so that the controller can tell the yaw motor to yaw the rotor into the wind.
Yaw Bearings
The yaw bearing is the large cam wheel that is turned by the small cam wheel of the yaw motor. When the yaw bearing turns, it causes the entire nacelle to turn so that the blades on the rotor assembly face into the wind.
4. Application’s
Photovoltaic power system takes advantage of reliable supplying, convenient installation and free maintenance, and has been used widely, it is the compensation and substituton of normal power supply. We provide power solution for home, business and industrial customers, and also provide grid and off-grid connected system for rural area. We not only can supply high quality photovoltaic products, but also provide professional system solutions and high quality services.
Solar Grid Connected System
Photovoltaic system converts solar energy into the electricity, then send the electricity to the grid through grid-connected inverter. It can work without storage battery. Lower cost and lengthen lifetime of photovoltaic grid-connected system is the trend of solar energy development, representing the energy utilization technology in the 21 century. Photovoltaic grid-connected systems have been used abroad in developed countries.
Off-Grid System
Off-grid systems are photovoltaic systems which are not connected to the grid. They use solar panels to produce DC electricity which is then stored in a battery bank. They are ideal for particularly isolated regions or areas where power lines are not available.
BIPV
Building integrated Photovoltaic Solar System(BIPV) is a new conception in field of solar generating electricity application, which is perfect combination between solar photovoltaic system and modern construction, the electricity can be provided by photovoltaic modules that laying out on the external surface of constructions, to build green house, which is the integrated construction of solar power system, roof, skylight and screen wall. We have abundant experiences and advanced technologies in this field and can provide satisfaction power solution.
PV Solar Lighting System
The application that integrate PV solar power system with LED lighting technology uses on road light, plaza light, ad-box, bus station sign and bridge profile lighting. With advantages of safety, good-looking, non-pollution, economy etc., it is perfect extra-ventricular lighting system.
For Particular Industries
Photovoltaic power system has been launched abroad for farming, telecommunication, frontier defense sentry, traffic sign, and house, etc.
5. Technical Parameter
5.1 Wind Mill
Specification-1
Model H speed 300 WES-500 WES-1000 WES-2000
Rated power(W) 300 500 1000 2000
Rated voltage (V) 24 24 48 120
Rotor diameter(M) 1.5 2.5 2.7 3.2
Start-up wind speed(m/s) 2.5 2 2 2
Rated wind speed（m/s） 12 8 9 9
Security wind speed(m/s) 35 35 35 45
Yaw mode - mechanical mechanical mechanical
Rated rotating rate（r/m） 450 400 400 400
Shell material nylon aluminum alloy aluminum alloy aluminum alloy
Blade material carbon fiber fiber glass fiber glass fiber glass
Blade quantity 3 3 3 3
Guy cable tower Tower height） 6 6 6 9
Tower thickness(mm) 2.5 3.25 3.25 3.5
Tower diameter（mm） 48 89 114 140
Free stand tower Tower height（m） - 8 8 8
Suggested battery capacity optie 12V 150AH 2PCS 12V 200AH 2PCS 12V 200AH 4PCS 12V 200AH 10PCS
Matched inverter type modified wave sine wave sine wave sine wave
Unit price with conventional
free stand tower(Tower type: A) -
Unit price with guy cable tower
Unit price with manual hydraulic
free stand tower(Tower type’s) -
Unit price with electric hydraulic
free stand tower(Tower type’s) - - - -
total pieces for 20" container 98 79 48 26
volume m3 / piece 0.25m3 0.33m3 0.53m3 0.96m3
Weight / piece 48 kg 131 kg 200 kg 303 kg
Specification-2
Model WES-3000 WES-5000 WES-10000 WES-20000
Rated power(W) 3000 5000 10000 20000
Rated voltage (V) 240 240 240 360
Rotor diameter(M) 4.5 6.4 8 10
Start-up wind speed(m/s) 2 2 2 2
Rated wind speed m/s） 10 10 10 12
Security wind speed(m/s) 45 45 45 45
Yaw mode electric electric electric electric
Rated rotating rate (r/m） 220 200 180 90
Shell material steel steel steel steel
Blade material fiber glass fiber glass fiber glass fiber glass
Blade quantity 3 3 3 3
Guy cable
tower Tower height） 9 12 12 -
Tower thickness(mm) 6 6 6 -
Tower diameter（mm） 273 273 325 -
Free stand tower Tower height（m） 12 12 12 18
Suggested battery capacity optie 12V 200AH 20PCS 12V 300AH 20PCS 12V 400AH 20PCS 12V 600AH 30PCS
Matched inverter type sine wave sine wave sine wave sine wave
Unit price with conventional
free stand tower(Tower type:A)
Unit price with guy cable tower -
Unit price with manual hydraulic
free stand tower(Tower type:B) - - - -
Unit price with electric hydraulic
free stand tower(Tower type:B) -
total pieces for 20" container 10 6 5 2
volume m3 / piece 2.35m3 3.59m3 3.95m3 10m3
Weight / piece 925 kg 1372 kg 1605 kg 3508 kg
1. Executive standards
CE certificate
2. Power capacity
Power per year(kWh) wind 8days/month
Wind speed(m/s) Model
200 300 300 500 1000 2000 3000 5000 10K 20K
2.5 123 123 26 131 184 377 412 683 1367 1586
3 219 210 44 228 324 648 710 1183 2365 2733
3.5 350 333 61 368 517 1034 1130 1875 3758 4345
4 517 491 96 543 771 1542 1682 2803 5606 6491
4.5 736 701 140 780 1095 2190 2391 3995 7980 9242
5 1016 955 193 1069 1498 3005 3285 5475 10950 12676
5.5 1349 1279 254 1419 1997 3995 4371 7288 14577 16872
6 1752 1656 333 1848 2593 5195 5676 9461 18922 21900
6.5 2225 2102 420 2348 3303 6596 7218 12027 24055 27848
7 2786 2628 526 2935 4126 8243 9014 15023 30047 34777
7.5 3232 639 3609 5072 10135 11090 18475 36958 42775
8 3924 780 4380 6150 12308 13455 22426 44851 51912
8.5 937 5256 7376 14761 16136 26902 53795 62266
9 1113 6237 8760 17520 19158 31930 63860 73917
9.5 1305 10302 20604 22531 37554 75108 86925
10 1524 12019 24029 26280 43800 87600 101388
10.5 1761 30423 50703 101406 117366
11 2024 34979 58298 116596 134948
11.5 2313 154202
12 2628 175200
12.5 2970 198029
13 3338 222749
3. Circumstance
Temperature: -40°C ~ +60°C
Humidity: less than 95%
4. General data
Protection Level IP54
Insulation Level B
Cooling Mode IC0041
Drive Mode Direct driven by wheel
Adjust Speed Method Automatic
Adjust Direction Method
2000W and under 2000W Automatic
3000W and over 3000W Manual and automatic
5. Generator
The generator is three phases permanent magnet alternator.
Model 200W 300W 300W-S 500W 1KW
Rated power( W) 200 300 300 500 1000
Rated voltage( DCV) 24 24 12/24 24 48
Rated voltage( ACV) 34 34 17/34 34 68
Rated current( DCA) 8 12 25/12 21 21
Rated current( ACA) 6 8 18/8 15 15
Rated speed( rpm) 450 400 450 400 400
Max speed( rpm) 600 500 600 500 500
Weight( kg) - - 12.5 - 34
Model 2KW 3KW 5KW 10KW 20KW
Rated power( W) 2000 3000 5000 10000 20000
Rated voltage( DCV) 120 240 240 240/360 360
Rated voltage( ACV) 170 339 339 339/509 509
Rated current( DCA) 17 13 21 42/28 56
Rated current( ACA) 12 9 15 30/20 40
Rated speed( rpm) 400 220 200 180 90
Max speed( rpm) 500 275 250 225 112
Weight( kg) 39 280 325 387 960
6. Blades
Model 200W 300W-L 300W- 500W 1000W 2000W 3000W 5000W 10KW 20KW
Material of blades Fiber glass Carbon fiber Fiber glass
Number of blades 3
Diameter ( m) 2.2 2.5 1.5 2.5 2.7 3.2 4.5 6.4 8 10
Area( m2) 3.80
4.90
1.80
4.90
5.70
8.00
15.90
32.20
50.30
78.5
TSR 9 8 3 7 6 7 5 7 8 4
7. Controller
Model 200W 300W 500W 1KW 2KW 3KW 5KW 10KW 20KW
Dump loader power( W) 400W 600W 1KW 2KW 4KW 6KW 10KW 20KW 40KW
Batteries rated voltage( V) 24 12/24 24 48 120 240 240 360 360
Float charge voltage( V) 30 14.5/30 30 60 150 300 300 450 450
Overvoltage( V) 30 14.5/30 30 60 150 300 300 450 450
Over charge resume voltage( V) 28 14/28 28 56 140 280 280 420 420
Under voltage( V) 21 10.5/21 21 42 105 210 210 315 315
Under charge resume voltage( V) 24 12/24 24 48 120 240 240 360 360
Net weight( kg) 2 - 2 2 2 3 3 3 4
Working Continuous and intelligent
Circumstance Temperature: -10~40 Celsius degree; Humidity: less than 85%
8. Inverter
Modified wave inverter
Sine wave inverter
Model 1KVA 2KVA 3KVA 5KVA 10KVA 20KVA
output wave model voltage stability
frequency
overload capacity load power factor
wave crest ratio sine wave，THD<3%>65% >80% >86%
Noise 50db 55db 60db
protection limited output when over load
over load/short circuit protection
inhibiting capacity of off- communication reaching FCCA
Indicator light inverter under normal state(green light) low voltage of battery(rend light)
over load(red light) breakdown(red light)
Alarm alarm once per 4 seconds when main is cut down
alarm once per second when battery is almost empty
continuing alarm when breakdown or running out of battery
computer interface 9PinD Type connector(Option)
Environment temperature
humidity 0~40℃
reaching 95% if not freezing
size (W×H×D mm) 560×280×365 555×265×570 635×270×690 550×450×1000
input device Power line terminal row
Remark: all the above data are for reference. Please see the physical goods if there is any change.
All inverters can be set as AC110V/120V/220V/230V single phase and 50Hz/60Hz output. But only 5kw, 10kw, 20kw have AC380V, three phases output.
9. Tower
Guy cable tower
Model 200W 300W 300ws 500W 1000W 2000W 3000W 5000W 10KW 20KW
Height( m) 4.5 6 6 6 6 9 9 12 12 18
Diameter ( mm) 60 75 48 89 114 140 273 273 325 377
Thickness 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.25 3.25 3.5 6 6 6 8
Sections 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 3
Weight( kg) 16.2
40
23.5
41.8
54
107.5
360.5
480.6
574.2
1328.4
Taper tower (stand alone tower) ( refer to figure 1)
Model Symbol in figure 1 1000W 2000W 3000W 5000W 10KW 20KW
Height( m) - 6 9 9 11.5 11.5 11.5
Thickness( mm) - 6 6 8 8 8 10
Weight( kg) - 252 461 727 1087 1290 2105
Top flange C1( mm) 150 150 280 280 280 500
C2( mm) 120 120 200 200 200 460
C3( mm) 90 90 160 160 160 310
T1( mm) M12 M12 M16 M16 M16 M20
N1 6 6 12 12 12 16
Bottom flange C4( mm) 550 800 800 950 1200 1500
C5( mm) 450 600 700 800 1000 1200
C6( mm) 385 510 510 650 820 955
T2( mm) Φ20 Φ22 Φ24 Φ33 Φ33 Φ40
N2 12 12 12 12 16 16
Figure 1
10. Electrical wires
Model 200W 300W 500W 1000W 2000W 3000W 5000W 10KW 20KW
Length( m) 15 20 50
Cross-Section area( mm2) 1.5 2.5 4 4 6 8
11. Suggested batteries specification
Model 200W 300W 500W 1000W 2000W 3000W 5000W 10KW 20KW
Battery voltage( V) 12
Capacity ( AH) 100 200 200 200 150 100 200 400 800
PCS 2 2 2 4 10 20 20 20 30
Charging time( h) 15 18 11 11 11 9 11 11 17
12. Concrete base
For guy cable tower( refer to figure 2)
Model 200W 300W 500W 1000W 2000W
Radius( m) 2.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.0
Center base dimension( m)( L*W*D) 0.8*0.8*0.6
Side base dimension( m)( L*W*D) 0.6*0.6*0.6
Model 3000W 5000W 10KW 20KW
Radius( m) 4.0 6.0 6.0 8.0
Center base dimension( m)( L*W*D) 0.8*0.8*1.6 1.0*1.0*1.0
Side base dimension( m)( L*W*D) 0.6*0.6*1.0 1.5*1.5*1.0
Figure 2
For taper tower (refer to figure 3)
Model Symbol in figure 3 1000W 2000W 3000W 5000W 10KW 20KW
Depth( m) ( D1) 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.6 2.0 3.0
Diameter ( m) ( C1) 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.5
Depth of ground bolts( m) ( D2) 0.8 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.6 2.0
Ground bolt circle Diameter( mm) ( C2) 450 600 600 700 1000 1200
Type of ground bolts ( T) M18 M18 M20 M24 M24 M30
Numbers of ground bolts ( N) 12 12 12 12 16 16
Figure 3
13. Noise report
Model 20K 10K 5000 3000 2000 1000 500 300 200
Round Wind Speed( m/s) Sound( db)
3 29.7 21.3 20 20.9 24.6 23.3 20.9 22.6 21.8
4 34 21.7 22.6 27.8 24.8 24.8 22.7 26.3 23.9
5 38.2 29.4 24.5 36.2 29.5 30.9 26.2 31.7 30
6 40.9 30.6 32.2 40.2 35.2 36.9 33.6 37.6 38.7
7 45.1 41.4 35.6 45.8 40.7 42.2 40.3 45.9 44.1
8 48 44.5 40.4 46.9 48.2 49 45 53.5 51.6
9 51.3 50.3 44.7 48.9 52.6 53.4 52.7 61.9 59.7
10 54.6 54.8 48.6 59 61.8 62.4 58.4 69.5 65.1
11 57.5 58.4 58.4 62.4 65.8 64 59.5 73 73.9
12 61.7 59.4 59.3 64.6 70.5 70.7 63.3 77.3 77.6
Test position: At 6m away from generator.
Notes: The sound value includes 63% wind noise.
14. Installation
Refer to user’s manual
15. Connection
Refer to user’s manual
16. Maintenance
Refer to user’s manual
17. Spare parts
No Component name Replacement interval Remark
1 Blades Replace when broken
2 Anemoscope Replace when broken For 3kw and above
3 Dogvane Replace when broken For 3kw and above
4 Slip ring Three years For 2kw and below
5.2.1 Solar Monocrystalline Panels
Series I
Specifications
Cell Monocrystalline silicon solar cells125mm×62.5mm(1/2)
No. of cells and connections 36(4×9)
Dimension of module(mm) 635×541×30
Weight 5.5kg
Limits
Operating temperature -40to+85℃
Maximum system voltage 715VDC
Characteristics
Open circuit voltage(Voc) 21< 21.6 22 Optimum operating voltage(Vmp) 17.1 17.4 17.6 Short circuit current(Isc) 2.4 2.5 2.7 Optimum operating current(Isc) 2.11 2.3 2.56 Maximum power at STC(Pm) 36 40 45 STC: Irradiance 1000w/㎡, Module temperature 25℃, AM =1.5 Series -II Specifications Cell Monocrystalline silicon solar cells 125mm×125mm No. of cells and connections 36(4×9) Dimension of module(mm) 1195×541×30 Weight 8kg Limits Operating temperature -40to+85℃ Maximum system voltage 1000VDC Characteristics Open circuit voltage(Voc) 21.6 21.6 21.9 22.4 Optimum operating voltage(Vmp) 17.2 17.2 17.6 18 Short circuit current(Isc) 4.87 5 5.14 5.3 Optimum operating current(Isc) 4.37 4.66 4.83 5 Maximum power at STC(Pm) 75 80 85 90 STC: Irradiance 1000w/㎡, Module temperature 25℃, AM =1.5 Series - III Specifications Cell Monocrystalline silicon solar cells 125mm×125mm +125mm×62.5 No. of cells and connections 36(4×9) Dimension of module(mm) 1195×808×35 Weight 13.5kg Limits Operating temperature -40to+85℃ Maximum system voltage 1000VDC Characteristics Open circuit voltage(Voc) 21.7 21.8 21.9 22.3 Optimum operating voltage(Vmp) 16.4 17.2 17.65 18.6 Short circuit current(Isc) 7.3 7.4 7.6 7.7 Optimum operating current(Isc) 6.1 6.4 6.8 7 Maximum power at STC(Pm) 100 110 120 130 STC: Irradiance 1000w/㎡, Module temperature 25℃, AM =1.5 Series - IV Specifications Cell Monocrystalline silicon solar cells125mm×125mm No. of cells and connections 72(6×12) Dimension of module(mm) 1580×808×35 Weight 15.5kg Limits Operating temperature -40to+85℃ Maximum system voltage 1000VDC Characteristics Open circuit voltage(Voc) 42 43.2 43.2 43.2 43.6 43.8 44.2 44.8 Optimum operating voltage(Vmp) 34 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.5 35.2 35.3 36 Short circuit current(Isc) 4.78 4.87 4.98 5 5.1 5.14 5.2 5.3 Optimum operating current(Isc) 4.12 4.37 4.51 4.66 4.783 4.83 4.96 5 Maximum power at STC(Pm) 140 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 STC: Irradiance 1000w/㎡, Module temperature 25℃, AM =1.5 Series - V Specifications Cell Monocrystalline silicon solar cells125mm×125mm No.of cells and connections 98(8×12) Dimension of module(mm) 1600×1065×50 Weight 25kg Limits Operating temperature -40to+85℃ Maximum system voltage 1000VDC Characteristics Open circuit voltage(Voc) 58.3 58．4 58.6 59 Optimum operating voltage(Vmp) 46.5 47 48 49.5 Short circuit current(Isc) 4.94 4．95 5 5.13 Optimum operating current(Isc) 4.3 4.47 4.59 4.65 Maximum power at STC(Pm) 200 210 220 230 STC: Irradiance 1000w/㎡, Module temperature 25℃, AM =1.5 5.2.3 Solar Photo crystalline Panels Series - I Specifications Cell Polycrystalline silicon solar cells 125mm×62.5mm (1/2) No. of cells and connections 36(4×9) Dimension of module(mm) 635×541×30 Weight 5.5kg Limits Operating temperature -40to+85℃ Maximum system voltage 715VDC Characteristics Open circuit voltage (Voc) 21 21.6 22.4 Optimum operating voltage (Vmp) 17 17.2 18 Short circuit current (Isc) 2.4 2.5 2.65 Optimum operating current (Isc) 2.12 2.33 2.5 Maximum power at STC (Pm) 36 40 45 STC : Irradiance 1000w/㎡, Module temperature 25℃, AM=1.5 Series - II Specifications Cell Polycrystalline silicon solar cells 125mm×125mm +125mm×62.5 No. of cells and connections 36(4×9) Dimension of module(mm) 1195×808×35 Weight 13.5kg Limits Operating temperature -40to+85℃ Maximum system voltage 1000VDC Characteristics Open circuit voltage (Voc) 21.6 21.7 21.8 22 Optimum operating voltage(Vmp) 16.7 17.5 17.9 18 Short circuit current (Isc) 7.3 7.42 7.8 8 Optimum operating current(Isc) 6 6.29 6.7 7.23 Maximum power at STC (Pm) 100 110 120 130 STC: Irradiance 1000w/㎡, Module temperature 25℃, AM=1.5 Series – III Specifications Cell Polycrystalline silicon solar cells 125mm×125mm No. of cells and connections 72(6×12) Dimension of module(mm) 1580×808×35 Weight 15.5kg Limits Operating temperature -40to+85℃ Maximum system voltage 1000VDC Characteristics Open circuit voltage (Voc) 42 43.2 43.2 43.2 43.6 43.8 44.2 44.8 Optimum operating voltage (Vmp) 34 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.5 35.2 35.3 36 Short circuit current (Isc) 4.78 4.87 4.98 5 5.1 5.14 5.2 5.3 Optimum operating current (Isc) 4.22 4.52 4.64 4.78 4.84 4.99 4.99 5 Maximum power at STC (Pm) 140 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 STC: Irradiance 1000w/㎡, Module temperature 25℃, AM=1.5 Series - IV Specifications Cell Polycrystalline silicon solar cells 125mm×125mm No. of cells and connections 98(8×12) Dimension of module(mm) 1600×1065×50 Weight 25kg Limits Operating temperature -40to+85℃ Maximum system voltage 1000VDC Characteristics Open circuit voltage (Voc) 57.8 58 58.2 58.5 Optimum operating voltage(Vmp) 46.5 48 48.4 49.1 Short circuit current (Isc) 4.95 5.17 5.24 5.34 Optimum operating current(Isc) 4.3 4.38 4.55 4.69 Maximum power at STC (Pm) 200 210 220 230 STC: Irradiance 1000w/㎡, Module temperature 25℃, AM=1.5 6. Production Capacity The Production capacity of NPGT is form 1KW to 50KW, and it is further produce more power capacity in special type of design as per requirement of customer. It can be directly use by either personal connection or Grid connection. But the minimum power capacity to connect the Grid is 1KW. 7. Advantages & Disadvantages of NPGT ADVANTAGES:- 1. Saving costs of purchasing energy (electricity and fuel). 2. Additional profit by selling surplus electricity to the grid/privates. 3. Additional profit by selling Certified Emission Reduction (CER & CDM). 4. Wind has a high energy density; meaning that you only need a little to generate energy output improves geometrically with the wind speed. 5. It’s completely clean, and it takes nothing out of the environment 6. Operating costs are low. 7. Free availability of wind and solar abundant from nature. 8. It generates electricity without pullulate the environment. 9. Increasing stability of energy supplying. 10. Not required more skill person to maintain the system & etc. DISADVANTAGES:- 1. The output is dependent on weather conditions. 2. Wind mill is dangerous for the birds. 3. Initial cost is quietly high. 4. Required space for PV modules installation. 5. More care for the solar PV modules. 6. Used and maintain to the system very carefully and etc. 8. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Clean Development Mechanism is a United Nations agreement to stabilize greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, at a level that would prevent dangerous changes to the climate. The Convention on Climate Change was agreed at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio, 1992. To date, 186 countries have ratified the convention. To put the convention into operation, a protocol was outlined in Kyoto in 1997. The most important aspect of the Kyoto Protocol is its legally binding commitments for 39 developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by an average of 5.2% relative to 1990 levels. These emission reductions must be achieved by 2008-2012: the so called 'first commitment period'. The developed countries with emission reduction targets are called the Annex 1 countries, whereas those without targets are the non-Annex 1 countries. The Kyoto Protocol allows developed countries to reach their targets in different ways through 'Flexibility Mechanisms'. These include: Emissions Trading (trading of emission allowances between developed nations); Joint Implementation (transferring emission allowances between developed nations, linked to specific emission reduction projects); and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The CDM is the only flexible mechanism that involves developing countries. It allows developed nations to achieve part of their reduction obligations through projects in developing countries that reduce emissions or 'fix' or sequester CO2 from the atmosphere. Under the CDM, an industrialized country with a GHG reduction target (an Annex B country) can invest in a project in a developing country without a target (non-Annex B), and claim credit for the emissions that the project achieves. i.e., an industrialized country may invest in a renewable energy power project in a developing country that replaces electricity that would otherwise have been produced from coal. The industrialized country can then claim credit for the emissions that have been avoided, and use these credits to meet its own target. For industrialized countries, this greatly reduces the cost of meeting the reduction commitments that they agreed to under the Kyoto Protocol. The revenues from sale of carbon credit through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) help to improve the financial viability of renewable energy projects. Since the entering into force of Kyoto Protocol in Feb 2005, developments in CDM are happening in a rapid pace. The United Nations framework convention in climate change (UNFCCC) has so far registered 47 Projects. Registration is a significant step in the CDM process that ensures carbon credits to the project. The carbon credits have been issued for three projects including a biomass project from Rajasthan. This demonstrates the good success rate of Indian biomass projects in getting carbon credits. The price of carbon credits is also increasing and is presently in the range of $6 to $8 per credit. Revenues from carbon credit can reduce the generation cost of biomass power projects by 10 to 25 paisa/kWh. The recent meeting of parties (MOP) to Kyoto Protocol that took place in Montreal, Canada between 28 November to 9th December, 2005, the developed countries committed themselves to fund the operation of the Clean Development Mechanism with over USD 13 million in 2006-07. The process for methodologies under the clean development mechanism (CDM) was simplified and its governing body was also strengthened. Status of Clean Development Mechanism The status of CDM Worldwide and India is given below: 9. Future Aspects As we are looking the world the conventional energy is using very fastly for daily needs. These conventional energy which have given by nature will end in a close time, and using of conventional energy is polluting the environment results Global warming. Therefore on time will come and each human being depend on the Green Energy. So, NPGT will very useful system for the energy in near future. It will be played a vital role for the development of Green Energy. This will be very beneficial of each and every human beings and a step to reduce the environment pollution. 10. CONCLUSIONS In the present scenario standalone solar photovoltaic and wind systems have been promoted around the globe on a comparatively larger scale. These independent systems cannot provide continuous source of energy, as they are seasonal. The solar and wind energies are complement in nature. By integrating and optimizing the solar photovoltaic and wind systems, the reliability of the systems can be improved and the unit cost of power can be minimized. A PV wind hybrid systems is designed for rural electrification for the required load at specified Deficiency of Power Supply Probability (DPSP). A new methodology has been developed to determine the size of the PV wind hybrid system using site parameters, types of wind systems, types of solar photovoltaic system, number of days of autonomy of battery and life period of the system. A primary model was developed to optimize PV-wind hybrid system for any specific location, by considering the parameters DPSP and REPG. The developed model processes the input parameters pertaining to the wind velocity, solar isolation, environment temperature, load distribution, wind and PV system parameters like cut-in-speed, cut-off-speed, rated speed, rotor diameter, hub height, peak module power, capacity of the PV panel and wind systems. It computes the output parameters like PV capacity, array configuration, number of modules, tilt angle, inverter capacity, battery capacity, charge controller capacity and wind machine capacity. The optimal size of the hybrid system is determined based on the calculated values of REPG for a specified DPSP. Thus the model suggests the optimum combination of the capacity of wind, PV and battery units of a chosen type that can generate power with a minimum REPG by implementation of iterative technique. A secondary model developed for optimizing techno economic aspects like LCC, LEC or LUC considering the parameters like life period of solar system, wind system, battery discount rate, escalation rate, cost of the module, wind machine, battery, inverter BOS components and CO2 mitigation cost for solar photovoltaic wind hybrid system. In the developed model of PV-wind hybrid system the specific data related to the location Ottapidaram (8°54’N, 78°1’E) are given as inputs by considering the parameter DPSP of 0.15, the wind velocity 5.1m/sec, solar insolation 5.89 kWh/m2, and environment temperature of 32°C for a load of 72 kWh/day. Wind system parameters like cut-in-speed of 3m/sec, cut-off-speed of 20m/sec, rated speed of 12m/s, rotor diameter of 20m, hub height of 30m, PV parameters like peak module power of 52W. The computed output parameters are PV capacity of 0.5 kWp with 3 days of battery autonomy and wind machine capacity 10 kW for a REPG of 0.07. Thus the model suggests the optimum combination of the capacity of wind 10 kW and PV capacity of 0.5 kWp with 3 days of battery autonomy can satisfy the load requirement for a given DPSP of 0.15 with a minimum REPG of 0.07 for a minimum LUC of Rs.26.93. The comparative cost of grid line extension energy source with PV wind hybrid system is a vital parameter to decide the viability of installing a PV wind hybrid system. It is evident from the study that, to meet out the daily energy demand of 75 kWh a fixed life cycle cost of Rs.150 lakhs is required for a grid line extension of 50 km. This LCC does not vary even when the load demand is less than 75 kWh/day for the same grid line extension. But in the autonomous PV-wind hybrid system LCC is Rs.150 lakhs for a daily energy demand of 75 kWh, and for a load less than 75 kWh, the LCC proportionately reduces. In comparison with the grid extension, it is concluded that for a load less than 75 kWh per day and when the grid line is 50 km away from the load point then the PV wind hybrid is economical. Also that when the grid extension distance is longer than 50 km and load demand is lower than 75 kWh/day the autonomous PV wind hybrid system is economically viable. The model output data is compared with the real time output data, which is obtained for a hybrid plant installed at Chunnambar, Pondicherry (11.46ο N, 79.46οE). The estimated value of energy generated by the model of solar system and wind system deviates by 6.22% and 7.18% respectively with the real time values. In the case of PV-wind hybrid system the deviation is found to be 6.66%. From the studies for a given energy to load ratio the capacity of the solar wind hybrid system is found for a given load demand. The study reveals that at vicinity of 0.74 solar or wind energy to load ratio the PV-wind hybrid system capacity converges to be optimum and also the life cycle cost is minimum. In the case of Ottapidaram the optimum combination is achieved with 7.8 kWp solar PV capacity and 8 kW of wind system for a annual average daily load demand of 72 kWh at DPSP of 0.02 and solar or wind energy to load ratio of 0.74. Also it is noted that this point corresponds to minimum life cycle cost of Rs.130 lakhs After implementing the model in the case studies, a thorough analysis is made and the results are obtained which highlights the following important conclusions: 1. An optimum hybrid system ensures minimum REPG for a given DPSP for a specific location. The optimum combination of solar PV wind hybrid system lies between 0.70 and 0.75 of solar or wind energy to load ratio and the corresponding LCC is minimum; 2. Life cycle unit cost of power generation from hybrid system is less compared with standalone solar and wind systems. It lies between Rs.20.00 and Rs.30.00 per kWh; 3. Load demand is less than 75 kWh per day and when the grid line of 11 kVA is 50 km away from the load point, then the PV wind hybrid is economical for the PV module cost of Rs.200 per Wp; 4. When the module efficiency is increased from 10 to 20% then LUC is reduced by 25% for given module cost of Rs.200 per Wp 5. If insolation is increased by 65% the LEC decreases by 27%; and Variation in LUC is meager after a life period of 20 years. The PV wind hybrid option is techno-economically viable for rural electrifications when the PV module cost is below Rs.100 per Wp and the efficiency of PV module is higher than 20%. The scope of implementing these systems in suburbs will be possible in near future. Thanks With Warm Regards
ENEGINEERS TEAM
VIYORS ENERGY LTD.
www.viyors.com
Email, info@viyors.com
.jpg)
